Initially conceived for use in fireworks, gunpowder swiftly found military applications as early as 904 AD, marking the commencement of a prolonged and lethal history linked with it. Among the earliest innovations were the development of the "flying fire" – an arrow affixed with a tube filled with gunpowder – alongside rudimentary hand grenades and toxic gas shells.
The Wujing zongyao ("Compilation of the Most Important Military Techniques"), a military manual dating back to 1044 AD, records the initial authentic formula for gunpowder and provides instructions for its large-scale production. This initial military use of gunpowder centered on its role as an incendiary compound.
Progressing into the 11th century, the Chinese began loading bombs with gunpowder and launching them from catapults. These fire cannons necessitated a two-person team for transportation and were fired from mobile platforms strategically positioned alongside the fortifications of enemy cities.
The refinement of the formula stands out as the foremost milestone in technological advancement. The dissemination of gunpowder knowledge spread rapidly across Asia and Europe, possibly accelerated by the Mongol conquests during the 13th century. Written formulations emerged in the Middle East between 1240 and 1280 in a treatise by Hasan al-Rammah and in Europe by 1267 in Roger Bacon's Opus Majus.
Sir Roger Bacon conducted experiments involving varied compositions, including a mixture comprising 29.5% sulfur, 29.5% charcoal, and 41% saltpeter. Ultimately, the optimal ratio of 10:15:75 (the contemporary formula) was ascertained.
A significant advancement surfaced in the 14th century when European innovators began incorporating liquid into the mixture, resulting in a paste that could be dried and molded into spheres. This innovation, termed "corned powder," substantially augmented the practicality of early bombs and firearms due to its enhanced durability, reliability, and safety.
Evolution of Gunpowder: A Historical Overview
