History of decimals

The best achievement of Hindu mathematics is the present decimal position system. The decimal system is very ancient, and so is the position system; but their combination appears in China and then in India, where in the course of time it was gradually imposed upon older non-position systems.

Its first occurrence is on a plate of the year 595, where the date 346 is written in decimal place-value notation. Arabs began using Hindu decimal arithmetic around the seventh century.

The earliest known Arabic treatise on decimal arithmetic Kitab al-hisab al-hindi was written by Al-Khwarizmi around AD 800. Another important early treatise that publicized decimal number, was Iranian mathematician and astronomer, Kushyar ibn Labban’s Kitab fi’ usul hisab al-hind, a leading arithmetic textbook.

Decimal fractions appear for the first time in The Book of Chapters on Indian Arithmetic written in 952 AD in Damascus by Abdul Hassan al-Uqlisi.

Simon Stevin

Toward the end of the sixteenth century Francois Viete (1579) of France and Simon Stevin (1585) of the Netherlands, demonstrated the usefulness of the concepts of decimal fractions for simplifying calculations associated with carrying out lengthy multiplications or divisions.

Not long after that with the introduction of logarithmic concepts in the early seventeenth century, to become clear that decimal fractions could be very useful in navigation, surveying and other practical situations.

Simon Stevin (154801620), a Flemish engineer,is them an usually credited with the introduction of the theory of decimal fractions. In 1585, Stein published a work called La Disme, which is French means The Tenth. In this book he explained his new method of writing fractions.
History of decimals

Discovery of germanium

Germanium was discovered by Clemens A. Winkler (1838-1902) at Freiberg, Germany in 1886.

Its existence had been predicted by Mendeleyev who saw that there had to be an element below silicon and above tin in group IV of his periodic table.  In his report on the Periodic of the Chemical Elements published in 1869 Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev predicted the existence of several unknown chemical elements.

Winkler obtained his germanium from the mineral argyrodite, which is Ag8GeS6. At that time, Winkler was working at the Freiberg University of Mining and Technology. The new mineral proved to be combination of silver, sulfur and a new element.

After a careful examination, Winkler was able to isolate a new element in the elemental state.

Winkler named the new element germanium (from Latin word, Germania for Germany) in honor of his homeland.

Germanium did not become economically significant until after 1945, when its properties as a semiconductor were recognized as being very useful in electronics.

Germanium diode

However, during World War II, small amounts of germanium had begun to be used in some special electronic devices, mostly diodes. The development of the germanium transistor in 1948 opened the door to countless application of solid state electronics.
Discovery of germanium