History of mineral selenium

Selenium was discovered in 1817 by Jöns Jacob Berzelius and Johan Gottlieb Gahn. Berzelius was working in a chemical factory producing, among others, sulfuric acid and nitric acid. While preparing sulfuric acid Berzelius noticed a residue, which he first thought was tellurium. Realizing it was a new element, he decided to name it selenium.

The name selenium derives from the Greek word for “moon”, selene, in opposition to the Latin word for “earth”, tellus.

Increased interest in the biological role of selenium was observed in the 1950s, when it was discovered that this element exerts toxic effects. Increased accumulation of this element led to dystrophy of cardiac muscle or acute hepatic necrosis.

In 1943, its carcinogenic effect has been described. Some years later, Clayton and Baumann (1949) found out that selenium supplementation decreases the number of tumorous cases. The essential role of selenium was first published in 1957 by Schwartz and Foltz, when rat experiments proved that selenium added to food prevented the necrosis of the liver.

In the 1970s John T. Rotruck and colleagues discovered that the enzyme glutathione peroxidase operating body’s own antioxidant, glutathione system (GSH), has selenium as an indispensable part of its structure.
History of mineral selenium

Discovery of chromium

Chromium was first discovered in a mineral called crocoite. The German prospector Johann Gottlieb Lehmann (1719-1767) first wrote about this red-orange mineral in 1761, calling it red lead. When Lehmann dissolved the red lead chromate mineral from Yekaterinburg, Siberia he observed and reported the green color of its hydrochloric acid solution.

He analyzed samples and wrongly thought they were made from the heavy metals lead and selenium.

The brought red-orange mineral was subsequently analyzed by various chemists, with different results and thus remained a matter of much curiosity and speculation for nearly three decades.

Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin 

Lehmann was not the first to observe the green color of chromium. As early as 2000 BC, emeralds were extracted from mines by the Red Sea, later called Cleopatra’s mines, Emerald is an aluminium beryllium silicate, a beryl. It has its beautiful green color just from chromium.

It was not until the French chemist Nicolas-Louis Vauquelin received some crystals of crocoites in 1797 that scientists realized the importance of the mineral.

In 1798 he obtained the pure metal. Vauquelin succeeded in isolating the chromium metal by heating a mixture of the chromic acid and carbon in a graphite crucible.  He also found traces of chromium in ruby and emerald gemstones.

The discovery that chromium affected glucose metabolism was reported by K. Schwarz and W. Mertz in 1959. Believed to contain chromium in an organic complex named the glucose tolerance factor or GTF, to date it has never been isolated or defined chemically from natural sources.
Discovery of chromium

A brief history of nutritional deficiencies and chronic disease

A brief history of nutritional deficiencies and chronic disease
There is a long history of discovering relationships between nutritional deficiencies and chronic disease. One of the most well known is probably scurvy -- a disease where bones lose their rigidity due to a deficiency of vitamin C.

The historical accounts of this mostly involve sailors who, on long sailing voyages, were overcome by this nutritional disease. And it actually took hundreds of years before the right scientist came along and discovered that this was caused by a simple nutritional deficiency that could be cured by eating fruits high in vitamin C such as limes. Hence the name 'limeys' for sailors.

That's just one example of a disease caused by nutritional deficiencies. There are many other diseases such as rickets and beriberi caused by nutritional deficiencies. Asian people who historically ate polished, processed rice (white rice) frequently got beriberi, a disease caused by a deficiency in vitamin B1 (thiamin). Until the nutritional causes of beriberi were established, however, physicians of ancient Asia thought the disease was some sort of plague.

In America, the term 'redneck' actually comes from a vitamin B deficiency that caused heightened susceptibility to sunburns. Interestingly, most Americans are, today, deficient in B vitamins as well, making them technically rednecks. It also explains why many people are so easily sunburned. As explained in Staying Healthy With Nutrition by Dr. Elson Haas, M.D.:

For a long period of history, the niacin deficiency disease, pellagra, was a very serious and fatal problem. Characterized as the disease of the "three Ds," pellagra causes its victims to experience dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. The fourth D was death. As described previously, the classic B3 deficiency occurs mainly in cultures whose diets rely heavily on corn and where the corn is not prepared in a way that releases its niacin. One of the first signs of pellagra, or niacin deficiency, is the skin's sensitivity to light, and the skin becomes rough, thick, and dry (pellagra means "skin that is rough" in Italian). The skin then becomes darkly pigmented, especially in areas of the body prone to be hot and sweaty or those exposed to sun. The first stage of this condition is extreme redness and sensitivity of those exposed areas, and it was from this symptom that the term "redneck," describing the bright red necks of eighteenth-and nineteenth-century niacin-deficient fieldworkers, came into being.

The early colonial settlers in America, by the way, didn’t know how to properly process corn as the American Indians did. The American Indians processed corn using potash (which is highly alkaline) that makes the B vitamins in corn available for assimilation during digestion. But the American settlers, not understanding how to prepare corn, would simply grind up their corn and consume it as corn flour (corn meal). By the way, that's how most people eat corn today: as ground up cornmeal ingredients in chips and foods.

In more modern times, we know very well about what happens when you're deficient in folic acid and you are a pregnant woman: your baby may be born with serious spinal cord defects or even be stillborn. In fact, birth defects are almost always explained by nutritional deficiencies or the consumption of foods and beverages by the mother that interfere with good nutrition.

We also know that iodine is absolutely essential for human health, which is why salt is enriched with iodine. That's in an effort to prevent goiter, a disease that was quite common in the United States until iodine was finally mandated as a salt supplement (enrichment) by the FDA.

As a nation we have managed to force a handful of minerals and vitamins into the food supply that prevent only the most grotesque and physically obvious disorders and diseases caused by nutritional deficiencies. And by the way, those are the only ones that really get addressed through the food supply.

If there is an obvious and immediate link between nutrition and a particular disease such as birth defects caused by a lack of folic acid, then of course this gets recognized and addressed very quickly. But other metabolic disorders such as cancer and diabetes are more complex and so the cause/effect relationship is not so easy to see from the point of view of scientists, the FDA, and even the public. So these don't get addressed.

And that, frankly, is why the public is still not being taught the correlation between nutrition and chronic diseases like cancer, diabetes, heart disease, osteoporosis and even mental disorders like clinical depression.
A brief history of nutritional deficiencies and chronic disease
By Mike Adams.
Source: www.naturalnews.com